Interesting Facts About US Housing

About 7.2 million homeowners took out home equity lines of credit in 2003, up 12 percent from 2001 when 6.4 million such credit lines were established. Thats just one of the interesting facts and statistics reported in the latest edition of the American Housing Survey (AHS) [pdf], sponsored by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Now entering its fourth decade of publication, the AHS provides information on a variety of topics, including home ownership, characteristics of homes and their owners, housing costs, vacation homes, gated communities and people’s views of their neighborhoods. Some more highlights from the latest AHS: About 3.8 million homeowners had lump-sum home equity mortgages, down nearly 20 percent from 2001, when there were 4.7 million such loans.Homeowners occupied more than 72 million homes. Overall, the nation had about 106 million occupied housing units.Renters occupied 33.6 million housing units.The nation’s median mortgage interest rate was 6.7 percent, down from 7.5 percent in 2001.The median value of owner-occupied homes was $140,000.Between 2001 and 2003, the number of owner-occupied units with four or more bedrooms increased by about 1 million to 18.7 million.There were 3 million owner-occupied homes in planned gated communities.The vacancy rate for rental housing units was 9.6 percent, up from 7.8 percent in 2001.On a scale of 1-to-10, with 10 being the best, 3-in-4 homeowners rated their neighborhood an 8 or higher.

America s First Great Depression Economic Crisis And...

Alasdair Roberts book entitled America s First Great Depression: Economic Crisis and Political Disorder After The Panic of 1837 introduces the reader to challenges the United States dealt with in terms of economic and political crisis. He thoroughly entails the drastic decline the nation witnessed shortly after The Panic of 1837 which he coined the start of America s first Great Depression. Alasdair Roberts is a well known Canadian professor at the Truman School of Public Affairs. He frequently writes books dealing with special topics such as government secrecy and the practices of government authority. Roberts book explains how many U.S. ties with Britain ultimately devastated the economy. For two decades following The Panic of 1837 America leaned toward a democratic uprising, however, many questioned whether or not the nation could be independent on foreign trade and investment policies. Finances seemingly were unbalanced and there appeared to be no real solution. The economy sw iftly declined and officials continued to struggle with paying their dues. This ultimately sparked numerous violent riots around the nation in which government officials did not intervene only increasing the serious rebellion amongst the American population. The author, Alasdair Roberts, explicitly examines how the country responded to the 2 financial, political, and social disasters that occurred in the United States. Parallels to the country s current economic recession are clearShow MoreRelatedInterpretations of the Origins of WWII3781 Words   |  16 PagesRichard Overys argument is a complex one, involving a look at each of the major countries that entered the war from Germany in 1939, to the U.S. in 1941. Each country is looked at in detail with analyses of how each reacted to the crises in the 1930s, and what the concerns, difficulties, and attitudes were in each country. Another interpretation is PMH Bells, who takes the thirty years war interpretation, and makes the case for it by looking at how the situation in Europe developed as a result ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On Lower Ses Adolescents3260 Words   |  14 Pagestwice as much as more than older women and their pregnant â€Å"counterparts† who delayed childbearing until after age 20 .Low ses greater risk of becoming teenager pregnant and influence the development of both the course and persistence in antenatal depression and PPD and ) reported that the presences of depressive symptoms was associated with Black race, unmarried status, poor family background low educational attainment low monthly income, and receipt of assistance through Aid to Families with DependentRead MoreObesity is a national epidemic with wide consequences and cost to America’s health and1800 Words   |  8 Pagesand prevention points out the limitations of taxing the food industry and suggest the need for a comprehensive solution that combines medical, social, behavioral, and political approaches to this complex problem. 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Stranger anxiety and social anxiety occur when a person is around strangers (Karam 193). Anxieties and its effects evident in Cormac McCarthy s, The Road are both short term and long term and include food shortage, repercussions of war, and extreme fear.Read MoreEssay about Violence in America2573 Words   |  11 PagesViolence in America Beginning with the urban drug wars and the Rodney King riot all the way up the spectacular lynchings in Texas and Wyoming, and now the mass murder/terrorist strike by teenagers in their own high school, the 90s is a decade made numb by civil disorder. In between came the incidents at Ruby Ridge, Idaho, and Waco, Texas, involving dubious law enforcement assaults on separatists, which led to the terrorist bombing at Oklahoma City — the single worst terrorist act in AmericanRead MoreAndrew Jackson s President Of The United States3226 Words   |  13 Pageswere unleashed from their restrictions and given the freedom they craved so badly. â€Å"He believed the financial sector of the American economy was spoiled, corrupt and bad for the overall health of the nation, and so he destroyed, at great length, great drama and great cost, the Bank of the United States.1 Due to many experiences brought up with him, Andrew Jackson failed to run the country properly in his terms as president and caused a catastrophic disaster with the veto of the Second Bank of theRead MoreThe Main Theoretical Weaknesses of Mercantilism8168 Words   |  33 Pagesgains and disadvantages. The property that rules the settlements can become much better-off and more controlling a great deal more speedily. Nevertheless, the settlements can feel like they are being taken advantage of and start rebelling; maybe even start their own country. The Navigation Laws were Englands way of making the most profit possible from their colonies in North America. With that said, there are still some weaknesses that cause this system not to be as effective as it could have been

Neutrality in Accounting Theory - Free Sample at MyAssignmentHelp

Questions: 1. Read the following quotation from Miller and Reading (1986, p. 64). If constituency support is necessary before particular accounting approaches become embodied in accounting standards, does this have implications for the neutrality and representational faithfulness (qualitative characteristics that exist in various conceptual framework projects around the world) of reports generated in accordance with accounting standards? The mere discovery of a problem is not sufficient to assure that the Financial Accounting Standards Board will undertake its solution There must be a suitably high likelihood that the Board can resolve the issues in a manner that will be acceptable to the constituencywithout some prior sense of the likelihood that the Board members will be able to reach a consensus, it is generally not advisable to undertake a formal project. 2. As Watts and Zimmerman (1986, p. 7) state, Positive Accounting Theory is concerned with explaining [accounting] practice. It is designed to explain and predict which firms will and which firms will not use a particular accounting method but it says nothing as to which method a firm should use. Do you think that this represents an abrogation of the academics duty to serve the community that supports them? Answers: (1). Principle of Neutrality This principle states that the accounting information should be developed free of influences on the results of operations of the company. A problem usually found in accounting, which can lead to financial problems, is the wrong accounting. Some features are based on the full disclosures in accounting procedures and the international financial reporting standards (Andreaus, Costa and Parker, n.d.). A reporting entity in question shall not describe its statements of financials not until it fully complies with the Australian Accounting Standards. It is important to not that accounting errors and disclosures may lead fraud, financial misappropriation and challenges in cash flows. Accounting is a challenging phenomenon and regulators of accounts should take drastic actions and measures to ensure accurate reporting of financial systems (Christian and Ludenbach, 2013). IFRS and AASB as regulatory bodies should ensure that goals are put in place for maximum disclosure of accounting situation for other users of accounts like external auditors and investors willing to follow the advice of the financial statements. When an individual does not maintain an updated financial information company makes accounting errors or failures in the reporting of the relevant information required, a company may have a significant financial loss and barely notice. Practices such as these can also lead to tax audits and fines for misreporting of funds. This problem is called incorrect accountingIn Some cases when representing communication it means that the Act gives the auditor so you can do your job, such as those by which requests data (see clause 6 of Article 207 of the Commercial Code) or convenes social bodies (for example, those provided in paragraph 8 of Article 207 or Article 437 of the same code) On the other hand, Miller and reading should have emphasized on other communications are the ways through which the auditor and accountants has revealed the results of their work. These can facilitate Whistleblowing , Reports to government authorities , instructions: the accounting, records, correspondence, account vouchers , the Control, The opinions or reports on,the financial statements compliance with the regulations , the way they carry and retain accounting, accounting vouchers, correspondence, minutes books and share registration d) internal control and The certificates issued on the basis ledgers (Epstein, Jermakowicz and Epstein, 2008). It is important to clarify the difference between certification and the views or opinions, because the current tax legislation appears not distinguish between them. The certifications are possible, especially when referring to verifiable facts in full, for which it is not essential to have a professional fair trial or discretionary framed within the limits of the merely reasonable. The opinion or opinion is the result of professional judgment on information prepared by third parties based on the application of its own criteria and examined by the public accountant using test procedures in the extent and timing it considers appropriate. According to miller and reading it opinion means the expression of a professional judgment, ie a judgment or concept, whether a representation or statement meets the parameters that must be submitted (Lerner et al., 2001). There may be several reasons for which an opinion is expressed rather than a certification, including: First, the depth of the work performed, as it can or not based on it certainty is acquired, Second, the nature of things, since some do not support certainty, Third, the qualitative character of what is judged and affirms (Lerner et al., 2001). The rights to inform and to opine are recognized in several international agreements and legislation of almost all countries as well as IFRS the international financial reporting standards. Consecrated these two categories is necessary to be able to differentiate between them (McPhail, n.d.). It is important to make clear on two additional aspects of the right to correct and factual information. It is the right of the community to receive truthful and impartial representation of the companies especially the listed companies. According to miller and reading this is appropriate (McPhail, n.d.). The accuracy of the information is limited to facts or financial statements of fact that can be verified and correctly represented. Instead, impartiality involves the interpretive dimension of events, which includes evaluative elements and is halfway between fact and opinion. Indeed, the choice of a factual situation and the name that is given already implies a valuation of it. This requirement does not mean, as one might think at first, the cancellation of the right of the stakeholders to express their views on the facts reported. Partial information, which does not differentiate between fact and opinion in the presentation of the financial statement , underestimates the recipient public, does not provide the ability for readers or listeners to choose and prosecute freely, and acquires the markings of an authoritarian attitude, all of which it is contrary to the social role that media to the free formation of public opinion (Mintz, 2014). However, the information must distinguish two aspects: what is reported and how it is done to ensure that there is neutrality and representation faithfulness. An opinion on financial statements is a document by which a public accountant expresses a conclusion about how the states in question, according to an accounting basis, the financial position of the company, the result of its operations, changes in its equity and its cash flows. Miller and Reading argument constituency support is necessary for neutrality and representational faithfulness in accordance to financial accounting standards. (2). Positive accounting theory The following article will present the two side of merely positivistic accounting and its influence has puts into bad light the development of accounting practice itself, in its attempt to eliminate valuable judgments. The accounting regulation and practice it in the positive approach is based on the accounting representation of reality facing compliance pragmatic purposes defined in specific environments where accounting systems are developed. International models of accounting systems adopted have generated negative effects on accounting environment(Unerman, Bebbington and O'Dwyer, 2007). Taking this into consideration an accounting system adopted must take into account that all countries are not equal and therefore have an environment, objects, features and different needs The positivist approach to accounting was the stone in the shoe for some researchers of accounting science; this is because of their social nature(Mintz, 2014). They say it is more linked to normativity approach and this can be demonstrated through this article. it seeks to highlight the importance of the combination of these two approaches in the accounting field, making clear that it is not intended to link with each other. Positivism in accounting is the observation of facts economically and objectively where accounting as is displayed; not supported as valid other knowledge, but those who gain from the experience, thus rejecting the idealist conception absolutely. The fact is the only scientific reality. Positivism can be used to present the true position of a firm. Accountants renounce what is futile but seek to know the facts and laws of phenomena but not the causes or is subordinated by judgment and observation That's is the reason to achieve these laws and possess with a finite precision and certainty which allow, explain and predict the demonstrations taking in the accounting discipline. The positive general theory, has immersed elements (number, value, currency, time interval, economic objects, economic subjects, set, relations) which are common in all accounting systems, these are developed to solve environmental problems such as economic accounting. In an accounting system general theory and the environment should be consistent, to meet the needs of users of information and thus make the system successful(Zingel, 2006). The following assessment reveals one of the great positivistic attitudes of accounting; this science comes to settle any value judgment in making accounting general theory, only refers to facts and investigations that may confront reality, it does not allow the interference of policy research. Accounting regulation-Accounting regulation is a process that is based on real events for implementing standards, positive and regulations. These standards, codes, decrees and laws are created in a very limited way, impossible better application of information according to the economic reality; that is to say; They are made mainly for bookkeeping and records of transactions of entities, sometimes ignoring important events that finally are reflected in the financial statements; and the accounting rule must be accepted adequately or more than adequate. The foregoing has focused on a positive theory. The emission standards must comply with the accounting uniformity which can be used the inductive method, which applied the positivist field establishes four stages: a) observation and recording of events: b) analysis and classification of them: c ) generalized conclusions through inductive derivation, d) testing of the conclusions;. It is not quick to admit that accounting regulation should be complemented mostly based on research theories, since from the theoretical principles has been a key foundation to support positivism too. The realization of principles does not occupy an important place, when developed without taking into account the reality of the environment. Accountants must not close our eyes to the investigation, since it more than simply the observation of facts that can be tested, opens the possibility of finding new paradigms that can change the future of accounting science. Today it is important to highlight the role of accounting, as this is a clear example of normativism, which allows you to record the social impact, through the issuance of judgments, which allow you to determine what could be or not; while positivism, traditional accounting is limited to a predetermined mechanical process, which leads to capture on paper cold figures, which in most cases are interpreted by different professional accountants. The fundamental trend of accounting is empirical research, which has been considered as a new positive approach, always supporting accounting regulation in their empirical implications (Zingel, 2006). The legislative nature of the regulation and development of hypotheses are specific objectives are basic points which when explicitly treated, accounting theory plays a basic and important role. Conclusion The positivist approach has to do with what is, was or will be, while the normative to admit what or should not be, good or bad, according to social, economic environment in which develop the accounting system(Zingel, 2006). Current students should be aware of the training they have received, and come to take steps to change that positivist thought which until now have had; should not be denied the ability to make value judgments, we must be more daring to express these views, and more when the professional field is, you can not continue to let other professionals continue to take the decisions which are the responsibility of accounting also because whoever plays better records, statements or balance sheets is the person who performs them, because it has the knowledge, and who has knowledge has power. References Andreaus, M., Costa, E. and Parker, L. (n.d.).Accountability and social accounting for social and non-profit organizations. Christian, D. and Ludenbach, N. (2013).IFRS essentials. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. D'Amico, V., D'Amico, T., Bukta, M. and Palmer, T. (2002).Principles of accounting. Toronto: Prentice Hall. Epstein, B., Jermakowicz, E. and Epstein, B. (2008).Wiley IFRS policies and procedures. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Hartman, L. (2002).Perspectives in business ethics. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Lehman, C. (2002).Mirrors and prisms. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Lehman, C. (2007).Envisioning a new accountability. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Lerner, J., Cashin, J., Fulks, D. and Lerner, J. (2001).Principles of accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill. McPhail, K. (n.d.).Accounting ethics. Mintz, S. (2014).Accounting for the Public Interest. Dordrecht: Springer. Osborne, S. and Ball, A. (2010).Social Accounting and Public Management. Hoboken: Taylor Francis. Ramirez, J. (2007).Accounting for derivatives. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Unerman, J., Bebbington, J. and O'Dwyer, B. (2007).Sustainability accounting and accountability. London: Routledge. Woltje, J. (2008).IFRS. Munchen: Haufe Verlag. Zingel, H. (2006).IFRS. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH-Verl.

On the trail of black legend Review Essay Example

On the trail of black legend Review Paper Essay on On the trail of black legend For Gods sake, El as many tricks to fabricate if you please and taking into account such, which you threw in his first post and then timidly removed As for the Tatars and Almetyevsk You do not know Ethnogeography and true history of our Motherland . Tatars at home and, moreover, since ancient times, sorry, not only in Almetyevsk have misled some historians have for centuries shared some of your favorite Western currents. About the heavy artillery in the artillery and its application, you just do not understand exactly how to see. Heavy artillery against cavalry was not applied and not applied, will not work this way, so to speak, physically its only a movie maybe, sir, on the screen of your favorite TV shows a la historical but in books composed in the same style fantasy about the past. Could be used against cavalry artillery is quite different but not heavy. But what is interesting and you certainly do not know artillery (all types), as well as hand-held firearms, it was first invented and have been widely used only here in the East, Eurasia, in Russian and Tatar Horde. And no it is not Western European invention. This book Yenikeyeva GR On the trail of black legend provides a lot of information We will write a custom essay sample on On the trail of black legend Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on On the trail of black legend Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on On the trail of black legend Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What about criticism of LN Gumilyov. all works of Leo Tolstoy perfectly reasoned, based on hidden largely from the public historical sources, for example, works of Russian academician VP Vasilyev and other domestic and foreign historians. On the works of LN Gumilyov and his critics are also a lot of truth can be found in the books of GR Yenikeyeva. Both books Crown of the Horde Empire (Moscow, Algorithm, 2007), and In the footsteps of the black legend (. Moscow Medina, 2009) are presented here on Bookmix, the attention of the distinguished members of this wonderful site so that the cavalry and artillery our Horde, complete with worthy representatives of both Tatar and Russian, not only remains in the same positions, but also builds on the success. even if it is not pleasant to someone. You will excuse me-a. On the trail of black legend Review Essay Example On the trail of black legend Review Paper Essay on On the trail of black legend Well, that will justify their physics and mathematics degrees. So, 3% of drive? And can you say where the figure? Statistical processing of something, what? Or theoretical value? But first she could not be, because about the measure and dimension of drive anywhere theres nothing in LNG. However, if some quantitative characteristics here even managed to draw (something they are counted or picked from the ceiling), then it follows that it is the very passionarnost? It must be defined as a concept subsumed under any number of other concepts, as Any theory the concept of system. In LNG on the part of ownership concepts just chaos model (want to take something and comment laugh together time, just a pity). Does the value entered in theory, should first be quantified and so that it is clear how it is measured, what measure. But this is not enough! (- weak? Finite-difference, differential, matrix or no operator), containing both the entered value and other measured values ​â€⠀¹(what?), And then in this case the formula, and even better (by modern standards), the equation would be written must obtained his decision, and it is necessary to put a correct problem for this and convince the mathematical community that has found a new class of problems! Nothing similar in LNG is not, and Ohms law, equations of mechanics or quantum theory or field theory hardly suitable but no one would believe). Charts in percentage? And from then take a percentage? It looks like interest play a role zahmuritelya not strong humanitarian consciousness, whereas the concept of drive entered by purely boltologicheskim manner designed to impress and to deceive consciousness physics and mathematics. Again a nightmare and disgrace! Why? Simple: no theory of statistics from the ceiling did not prove it! Without careful measurements, statistics, and mandatory indication Deviation determined values ​​there is no confirmation of the theory used. Spells and minor assaults I miss a real impropriety. Racist taint passionarity noted by many (I have already given a link where AM Khazanov wrote about the ill-concealed anti-Semitism in LNG), but you still have a link where all chewed including and for students:. About kapeeses (remember how to spell the word in full accordance with my attitude towards it) then you dragged in order to emphasize the greatness of the persecuted and the inspiration clamped his mouth. Wasted effort. From the review immediately obvious to the public, and physics and mathematics and the humanities theorist, that you are not able to distinguish science from ideology in general and ethnology (including economic) of ideopostroeny LNG in particular. You learn something, what is it? In LNG? In vain, it was not necessary. Not the first time to bicker with gumilovtsami, conjure deserved scientism, greatness, No question, and even the world famous typical signs of mythological consciousness, and references and arguments had long been prepared see above.. How to correctly assess the Pole A. Poppe (here it is renown worldwide LNG! - trepotnya ! On the trail of black legend Review Essay Example On the trail of black legend Review Paper Essay on On the trail of black legend Aptitude in their craft thats good, Mr. Chitalogoanatom. Physics and mathematics it is necessary and useful to society, do not say anything Only here the criticism of yours, sorry, give you more representative of science, social studies or history of the CPSU, the Soviet Union. were those of science we remember ? The representatives of this science sign aptitude was (and there are many) one as soon as the suspect in whom the sapiens, so once the labels on him or his work hung a disgrace, racism, unscientific , etc., etc. without any arguments and justifications Here you are -. Read the works of LN Gumilyov, you say? But in Tolstoys writings not only about passionarnost - 3 percent of the total is not more than that you must have noticed. Especially if you are a physicist and mathematician it is clear, I hope, why But what is not in the works LN. ENU is the very disgrace and racism or rather will be, and a complete denial of the other and, moreover, on the most that neither is a science-based We will write a custom essay sample on On the trail of black legend Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on On the trail of black legend Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on On the trail of black legend Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Why Great Eurasians LN. Gumilyov was subjected to persecution and kept under a ban, preventing it of progress in print during partocracy? It is because of his work opened all the ugliness and unscientific and complete ignorance of the vast majority of official historians Westerners, from the time of Roman-German yoke (Prince Troubetzkoy, NS) and ending with the post-Soviet times. A lot of things have to priceless works of LN Gumilyov, not seen you and you like but not all he was able to write in plain text at the time. Everything of value from the works of L. ENU, as well as from the works of Russian and foreign historians, many details of which could not lead in the works LN Gumilev, but sent them all the books used in GR Yenikeyeva provided on this website. Also, GR Enikeev in their work used information from the writings of the followers of L. ENU as a new generation of professional historians, and independent researchers of the history of the Fatherland subjected to devastating criticism of the black legend slandering the ancestral Russian, Tatar and other-countrymen peoples of the subcontinent Eurasia, is in the works of European geographers to the XVIII century It called Tatars (LN Gumilev).

Suicide Essay Example

Suicide Essay Example Suicide Essay Suicide Essay I would like to start this speech by asking what you think of suicide. Has it ever been an option to deal with your struggles in life? Have you ever thought about leaving this world because you don’t think it understands you? Have you ever imagined yourself cutting a vein, jumping off from a 20-storey building, overdosing yourself with drugs or simply just stop breathing? I mean, seriously, have you? According to the statistics conducted by the World Health Organization, one person commits suicide every 40 seconds counting to millions of suicide deaths at the end of the year. That is why, it is considered as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Furthermore, suicide rates have increased to 40% from the last 50 years (. So, why do people commit suicide? Kurt Cobain said it was drugs. Vincent Van Gogh said it was the feeling of worthlessness. Virginia Woolf said it was mental illness. Marilyn Monroe said nothing. Nonetheless, most suicides are committed by highly-creative people. Does this mean passion in music, art and literature can drive people to their deaths? Absolutely not! There are different causes of suicides. According to Wikipedia, the common causes of suicides are obviously mental disorders, suffering, unrequited love, stress, guilt, self-sacrifice, catastrophic injuries, financial loss, loneliness, drugs, so on and so forth. However, there can be a lot of reasons behind a suicide attempt of a person. One of the sad truths is most of the time, their reasons are incomprehensible. Famous people who have committed suicide include Vincent Van Gogh, a mentally disturbed Dutch painter who shot himself in the chest; Kurt Cobain, lead vocalist of Nirvana who was believed to have died due to drug overdose; Virginia Woolf, a feminist writer who drowned herself in a river near their house; Sylvia Plath, a notable poet who gassed herself in a microwave oven while her children were sleeping on the other room. Some people take their lives for heroic causes. For example, Mahatma Gandhi protested against the war between the Hindus and Muslim by means of starving himself to death which was successfully stopped before he died. In Japan during World War II, soldiers kill themselves first rather than falling in the hands of the Nazis. Moreover, Japanese pilots also volunteered to sacrifice their lives by crashing their aircrafts to an enemy’s base. Indeed, people have different views about life. Some even denounce life and believe there is a much better world after it. We cannot always blame mental disorders as the cause of suicide rates. Highly creative people can be sane and appreciative of their life. No matter how troublesome life is, suicide is not always an option to solve problems. Escaping it would only produce more for the ones left behind. Suicide may have been one of the most famous resorts in escaping a problem or a life that is believed to be not worth living. However, environment can also affect a person who is tempted to it. If only we can all be sensitive to the people around us, sometimes a simple smile and good conversation can save someone’s life. Suicide. Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia. 21 October 2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide

The German, Austrian, and Swiss National Anthems

The German, Austrian, and Swiss National Anthems The melody of the German national anthem comes from the old Austrian imperial anthem â€Å"Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser† (â€Å"God Save Franz the Emperor†) by Franz Joseph Haydn  (1732-1809), which was first played on February 12, 1797. In 1841 Haydns melody was combined with with lyrics by August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben  Ã‚  (1798-1874) to create â€Å"Das Lied der Deutschen† or â€Å"Das Deutschlandlied.† From the time of Bismarcks Prussia (1871) up to the end of the First World War this anthem was replaced by another. In 1922 the first president of the German Republic (the â€Å"Weimar Republic†), Friedrich Ebert, officially introduced â€Å"Das Lied der Deutschen† as the national anthem. During the 12 years of the Nazi era, the first stanza was the official anthem. In May 1952 the third stanza was proclaimed the official anthem of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) by President Theodor Heuss. (East Germany had its own anthem.) The second verse, while never  verboten (forbidden), was not very popular because of its â€Å"wine, women, and song† references. The fourth verse was written by Albert Matthi during the French occupation of the Ruhr region in 1923. It is not part of the anthem today. Since 1952, only the third (â€Å"Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit†) verse has been the official anthem. Das Lied der Deutschen Song of the Germans German Lyrics Literal English Translation Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles, Germany, Germany above all, ber alles in der Welt, Above everything in the world, Wenn es stets zu Schutz und Trutze When always, for protection, Brderlich zusammenhlt, We stand together as brothers. Von der Maas bis an die Memel, From the Maas to the Memel Von der Etsch bis an den Belt - From the Etsch to the Belt - Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles, Germany, Germany above all ber alles in der Welt. Above all in the world. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue, German women, German loyalty, Deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang German wine and German song, Sollen in der Welt behalten Shall retain in the world, Ihren alten schnen Klang, Their old lovely ring Uns zu edler Tat begeistern To inspire us to noble deeds Unser ganzes Leben lang. Our whole life long. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue, German women, German loyalty, Deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang German wine and German song. Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit Unity and law and freedom fr das deutsche Vaterland! For the German Fatherland Danach lasst uns alle streben Let us all strive for that Brderlich mit Herz und Hand! In brotherhood with heart and hand! Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit Unity and law and freedom Sind des Glckes Unterpfand; Are the foundation for happiness Blh im Glanze dieses Glckes, Bloom in the glow of happiness Blhe, deutsches Vaterland. Bloom, German Fatherland. Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles,* Germany, Germany above all* Und im Unglck nun erst recht. And in misfortune all the more. Nur im Unglck kann die Liebe Only in misfortune can love Zeigen, ob sie stark und echt. Show if its strong and true. Und so soll es weiterklingen And so it should ring out Von Geschlechte zu Geschlecht: From generation to generation: Deutschland, Deutschland ber alles, Germany, Germany above all, Und im Unglck nun erst recht. And in misfortune all the more. Listen to  the  Melody: Lied der Deutschen  or to the the  Deutschlandlied  (orchestral version. Austrian National Anthem: Land der Berge The national anthem (Bundeshymne) of the  Republik Ãâ€"sterreich  (Republic of Austria) was officially adopted on February 25, 1947, following a contest to find a replacement for the former imperial anthem by Haydn that had been appropriated by Germany in 1922 and now also had Nazi associations. The composer of the melody is not certain, but its origin goes back to 1791, when it was created for the freemason lodge to which both Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Johann Holzer (1753-1818) belonged. Current theory says that either Mozart or Holzer could have composed the melody. The lyrics were written by Paula von Preradovic (1887-1951), the winner of the 1947 competition. Preradovic was the mother of the Austrian Minister of Education, Felix Hurdes, who had encouraged her (a distinguished writer and poet) to enter the contest.   The  Swiss National Anthem (Die Schweizer Nationalhymne) The Swiss national anthem has a unique history that reflects the  nature of Switzerland itself. Switzerland (die Schweiz) may be an old country, but its current national anthem has only been official since 1981. Although the Schweizer Landeshymne or Landeshymne was tentatively approved by the Swiss Nationalrat in 1961 and was in general use after 1965, the anthem did not actually become official for another 20 years (April 1, 1981). The anthem itself, originally known as the Schweizerpsalm, is much older. In 1841 the priest and composer Alberik Zwyssig of Urn was asked to compose music for a patriotic poem written by his friend, Zurich music publisher Leonhard Widmer. He used a hymn that he had already composed, and adapted it for Widmers words. The result was the Schweizerpsalm, which soon became popular in parts of Switzerland. But some Swiss cantons, such as French-speaking Neuchatel, had their own anthems. Efforts to select an official Swiss national anthem (to replace an old one that used the British God Save the Queen/King melody) ran up against the countrys five languages and strong regional identities until 1981.

Employee stress in the work place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employee stress in the work place - Essay Example Managers need to create a stress-free environment at the workplace for employees in order to ensure sustainable organizational performance. In this paper, we will discuss some of the main factors that can contribute to employee stress in the workplace, as well as the possible measures that managers can take to reduce stress in employees. 2. Factors That Cause Stress in Employees There are many individual, administrative, job concerning factors that can cause stress in employees. Some of those factors include discrimination, keeping employees away in decision-making processes, less promotional opportunities, rotating shifts, work overload, role conflict, team-based conflicts, excessive managerial control, increased job timings, lack of confidentiality, unsafe working conditions, and less salary (Akrani 2011). Let us discuss some of these issues in detail to know the way they cause stress in employees. 2.1 Discrimination Discrimination is one of the main factors that make employees str essed. Discrimination occurs when managers give preference to a particular individual or a group of individuals while taking any important decision. Such preference is usually based on racial, ethics, social, religious, and gender differences. For example, promoting a male employee to a higher position even when his performance is low than his female counterparts. Such decisions put a negative impact on the productivity and performance of other employees. 2.2 Keeping Employees Away In Decision-Making Processes Employees also feel stressed and depressed when they are not involved in decision-making processes related to their jobs. Employees want some recognition and value for the performances that they show for their companies. Involving them in decision-making processes is one of the best ways to do so. However, when employees are neglected during critical decision-making processes, they feel inferior and their level of commitment to their jobs decreases. 2.3 Less Promotional Opport unities If there are less opportunities of employee promotion in a company, employees may not like to work there because of less chances of career development. Working in a company where there are less progress opportunities and job enrichment is a main factor of stress in employees. 2.4 Increased Job Timings The balance between work life and family life is very important for every employee. In situations where employees do not find enough time to spend with their families due to longer working hours is also a reason of stress in employees. 2.5 Work Overload As Akrani (2011, p. 1) states, â€Å"excessive work load leads to stress as it puts a person under tremendous pressure†. Employees feel stressed when their managers give them huge amounts of work to complete in a single day. Similarly, giving less or very simple work also causes stress in employees. Doing work of simple nature leads to boredom that eventually leads to stress and depression. 3. Strategies for Managing Stre ss in Employees As Manley (n.d.) states, â€Å"stress in the workplace is bad for an employee's health and also causes distractions, making it harder for the stressed individual to perform their job† (p. 1). It is the responsibility of managers to take effective measures and strategies to offset those negative effects